What is an experiment in sociological research?

An experiment in sociological research is defined as a method that tests hypotheses by manipulating one variable while controlling others. This approach allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships by randomly assigning participants to different conditions and observing the outcomes. By directly manipulating an independent variable, researchers can determine how it affects a dependent variable, providing robust evidence to support or refute their hypotheses.

Experiments are particularly valuable because they enable researchers to control extraneous variables that might otherwise confound the results. This level of control makes it possible to draw more definitive conclusions about the relationships between variables. Moreover, experiments can be conducted in a laboratory setting or in the field, allowing for a wide range of applications and the potential to achieve results that can be generalized to broader populations.

In contrast, the other options represent different research methods. A descriptive study collecting qualitative data focuses on observing and interpreting phenomena without manipulation. Surveys are often used to gather demographic information through structured questions but do not involve experimental manipulation. A case analysis, on the other hand, investigates specific instances or subjects in detail, providing rich qualitative insights, but it lacks the manipulation of variables necessary for experimental methods.